For example, use lowercase terms to describe periods, except in the case of proper nouns (e.g., “the colonial period,” vs. 
Otherwise, take a minimalist approach to capitalization.The titles of most poems should be enclosed in double quotation marks, but the titles of very long poems should be italicized.Article and chapter titles (titles of shorter works) should be enclosed in double quotation marks.Book and periodical titles (titles of larger works) should be italicized.Titles in the text as well as in notes and bibliographies are treated with quotation marks or italics based on the type of work they name.Titles mentioned in the text, notes, or bibliography are capitalized “headline-style,” meaning first words of titles and subtitles and any important words thereafter should be capitalized.
#Subtitles in apa essay manual
Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, ad Dissertations. Different practices apply for theses and dissertations (see Kate L.Double-space each line of the title page.For subtitles, end the title line with a colon and place the subtitle on the line below the title.Your name, class information, and the date should follow several lines later.The title should be centered a third of the way down the page.Use the following guidelines should your instructor or context require a title page: According to Turabian style, class papers will either include a title page or include the title on the first page of the text.Font size should be no less than 10 pt.Typeface should be something readable, such as Times New Roman or Courier.Margins should be set at no less than 1”.
For CMOS and Turabian’s recommendations, see “Headings,” below. CMOS recommends you devise your own format but use consistency as your guide. Subheadings should be used for longer papers. Page numbers begin in the header of the first page of text with Arabic number 1. Blocked quotations should be indented with the word processor’s indention tool. A blocked quotation must always begin a new line. A blocked quotation does not get enclosed in quotation marks. 
CMOS recommends blocking two or more lines of poetry. A prose quotation of five or more lines, or more than 100 words, should be blocked. For block quotations, which are also called extracts:. Text should be consistently double-spaced, except for block quotations, notes, bibliography entries, table titles, and figure captions. For examples of these two different styles in action, see our CMOS sample papers: If you are using CMOS for school or work, don't forget to ensure that you're using your organization's preferred citation method. Though the general principles of citation are the same here, the citations themselves are formatted differently from the way they appear in Author-Date. This corresponds to a fuller citation on a Bibliography page that concludes the document. In these regards, Author-Date is very similar to, for instance, APA style.īy contrast, NB uses numbered footnotes in the text to direct the reader to a shortened citation at the bottom of the page. Each parenthetical citation corresponds to an entry on a References page that concludes the document. Unlike many citation styles, CMOS gives writers two different methods for documenting sources: the Author-Date System and the Notes-Bibliography (NB) System. As its name suggests, Author-Date uses parenthetical citations in the text to reference the source's author's last name and the year of publication. Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in CMOS. To see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles, including a chart of all CMOS citation guidelines, see the Citation Style Chart. 
Turabian’s Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (8th ed.), which is largely based on CMOS with some slight alterations. Since The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) is primarily intended as a style guide for published works rather than class papers, these guidelines will be supplemented with information from, Kate L. These resources follow The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition), which was issued in 2017. This section contains information on The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) method of document formatting and citation.
Writing Letters of Recommendation for Students.
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